Complete COA reference for bookkeepers — account types, categorization, QBO setup, and the practitioner answers to "what category is X" questions.
It's 2:14 PM on a Thursday. You've got 47 uncategorized Stripe transactions, 12 Amazon charges that could be three different categories each, a Gusto run that needs splitting, and a Slack message from your client asking whether the new HubSpot subscription is "Software" or "Dues." This is the actual job, and the chart of accounts is what makes it solvable instead of soul-crushing.
A clean COA is the difference between financial statements someone can read and a P&L with a $14,000 "Ask My Accountant" line. It's the spine of every bank reconciliation, tax return, and "can we afford to hire?" conversation. This hub is the working reference for bookkeepers managing real QBO files, not a textbook. We name the actual accounts, cover the gray-zone calls competitors skip, and use 2026 numbers: meals at 50% with employer-convenience meals eliminated under OBBBA, the new $2,000 1099-NEC reporting threshold for payments after 12/31/2025, and §179 expensing up to $2.56M with 100% bonus depreciation made permanent.
Growthy auto-categorizes transactions using pattern learning across your client books, but this hub stands on its own as the reference. Let's start with the framework.
Every account in every chart of accounts rolls up to one of five types: assets, liabilities, equity, revenue, and expenses. That's the accounting equation in working form (Assets = Liabilities + Equity, with Revenue and Expenses flowing into Equity at year-end). If you can place every transaction into one of those five buckets, you can build any financial statement.
Three of those types (assets, liabilities, and equity) live on the balance sheet and carry their balances forward year after year. The other two (revenue and expenses) live on the P&L and reset to zero at year-end through closing entries. That distinction matters when a client asks why their "Owner's Draws" account doesn't reset on January 1 (it does, into Owner's Equity) or why retained earnings keeps growing (it's the cumulative net income that flowed in from prior years).
A typical QBO default chart of accounts ships with 60 to 80 accounts, and most of them are noise for a small service business. The right COA usually has 25 to 40 active accounts: enough to produce a financial statement someone reads, not so many that 30% of accounts have zero activity. The "one rolls up to many" principle keeps it tidy. Professional Fees as a parent account with Legal, Accounting, and Consulting as sub-accounts gives you both the rollup view and the detail when you need it.
A clean sample COA for a service business looks like: 6 asset accounts (cash, AR, prepaid, fixed assets, accumulated depreciation, deposits), 5 liability accounts (AP, credit card, sales tax, payroll liabilities, long-term loan), 3 equity accounts, 2-3 revenue accounts, and 15-20 expense accounts. That's it. For the deep dives, see asset account categories, liability account categories, and equity accounts explained.
Expense categorization is where bookkeepers spend most of their working hours, and it's where COA decisions actually move the needle on tax outcomes. Eight expense buckets cover roughly 95% of small-business spending: Cost of Goods Sold, Operating Expenses (rent, utilities, supplies), Administrative (office expenses, software), Professional Fees (legal, accounting, contractors), Travel/Meals/Vehicle, Marketing & Advertising, Insurance & Benefits, and Depreciation. Get those right and the rest is rounding.
The gray-zone calls are what cost you time. Is the new Slack subscription Software, Dues, or Office Expense? (Software, because it's SaaS.) Are the breakroom snacks Meals or Office Supplies? (Office Supplies, because they're consumed, not a meal event.) Is the freelance copywriter's invoice Marketing or Outside Services? (Outside Services if they're a 1099 contractor; Marketing if they're a corporate agency invoice without 1099 obligation.) For the working framework, see the complete expense account categories list. That's the sub-pillar that links to all 15 "what category is X" guides.
The 2026 numbers that catch bookkeepers off-guard: business meals are 50% deductible (entertainment is 0%, and OBBBA eliminated the §119(a) employer-convenience meal deduction starting TY2026: no more 50% on overtime meals or breakroom snacks for most businesses). The 1099-NEC reporting threshold jumped to $2,000 for payments after 12/31/2025 under OBBBA, not $600. The 1099-K threshold reverted to $20,000 plus 200 transactions after OBBBA killed the ARPA $600 phase-down. Most online articles still cite the old numbers; if a guide doesn't specify a tax year, assume it's stale.
The "when do I create a new account" question has a 3-test answer: (1) does it appear on a financial statement someone reads? (2) is it material, over 1% of revenue? (3) does it have a different tax treatment than its neighbors? Two yeses means create the account. Zero or one means use the existing one. That rule alone trims 20 unused accounts from most COAs by year-end.
Revenue, assets, liabilities, and equity account for roughly 20% of categorization work but 80% of the questions you get from clients ("Why is the SBA loan on the income statement?" Because it's not, that's a liability). Revenue account types splits into Sales Revenue, Service Revenue, Other Income, and Contra-Revenue. The Stripe/Square gross-vs-net deposit treatment is where most small books go off the rails.
Assets break into Current (cash, AR, inventory, prepaid items that convert in 12 months) and Fixed (vehicles, equipment, leasehold improvements above your $2,500 capitalization threshold). Most bookkeepers defer depreciation to the tax preparer, but the COA has to be set up first. Full reference at asset account categories.
Liabilities trip up bookkeepers in three places: AP versus credit cards (separate accounts in QBO), the current-vs-long-term loan reclass at year-end, and customer deposits posted to revenue (they're a liability until earned). Sales tax collected is a pass-through liability, never revenue. See liability account categories for the working setup.
Equity genuinely depends on entity type. A sole prop has Owner's Equity, Contributions, and Draws. An S-corp has Common Stock, APIC, Retained Earnings, and Distributions (not draws; the IRS does scrutinize the distinction). A C-corp adds Treasury Stock and uses "Dividends." Walk through equity accounts explained before converting a sole prop to an S-corp mid-year.
QBO ships with an industry-template COA when you create a file. The Service template gives you about 65 accounts, the Product template about 80, and most of them won't match how the business actually operates. The first job on any new client is pruning: inactivate the accounts with zero activity, merge near-duplicates (QBO often ships with both "Office Supplies" and "Office Expense"), and rename the generic accounts to match the client's vocabulary.
Adding accounts in QBO is straightforward (Accounting > Chart of Accounts > New), but the choices that matter happen at setup. Account type drives where the account appears on financial statements. Detail type affects tax mapping. Sub-account designation creates the rollup hierarchy. Get the type wrong and your balance sheet will be wrong; that's recoverable but annoying. Sub-account designation is the most common error: bookkeepers create "Legal Fees" as a top-level account when it should be a sub-account of "Professional Fees."
Account numbers are optional in QBO and worth using once you cross 40 active accounts. The standard scheme: 1000-1999 Assets, 2000-2999 Liabilities, 3000-3999 Equity, 4000-4999 Revenue, 5000-9999 Expenses. Account numbers stop alphabetical sort from putting "Accumulated Depreciation" before "Cash" on your balance sheet. For a sub-30-account COA, skip them. The maintenance cost outweighs the benefit.
Common QBO COA mistakes to scan for on any client takeover: duplicate accounts (the classic "Office Supplies" and "Office Expense" pair), parent-child rollups pointing to the wrong parent (Bank Service Charges as a sub of Office Expenses instead of its own line), and inactive accounts with non-zero balances (which break the trial balance until cleared). A 30-minute COA cleanup at takeover saves five hours of categorization confusion later.
Categorize the first instance of a vendor. Growthy mimics that pattern next time. Same input, same output. No rule engine to write, no "if vendor contains 'STRIPE' then Merchant Processing Fees" config. You categorize, Growthy learns from your actual behavior, per client, and the next transaction comes pre-coded for you to confirm.
Per-client mapping is the part that matters. The same Amazon transaction might be Office Supplies for your law firm client, COGS for your e-commerce client, and Software for your SaaS client, depending on what each client actually buys. Each client's mappings stay separate, so a pattern you set on one client doesn't bleed into another.
For gray-zone first occurrences, you decide. Growthy surfaces the transaction with a suggested category and asks for confirmation. You confirm or correct, and the next one in that pattern gets handled automatically. What this doesn't do: replace bookkeeper judgment on edge cases (acquisition legal fees that should be capitalized, S-corp owner health insurance that hits W-2 Box 1, multi-year prepaid contracts). Those still require a bookkeeper's eyes. What it does: kill the 500-clicks-per-day grind on the 90% of transactions that follow obvious patterns.
How many accounts should a small business have in its chart of accounts?
Most service businesses run clean on 25 to 40 active accounts. E-commerce and inventory-heavy businesses run 50 to 80 because COGS, inventory, and shipping each need their own treatment. The rule: every account should appear on a financial statement someone reads. If three months go by with no activity and no one asks for a separate line, merge it.
Should I use account numbers in my chart of accounts?
Use account numbers when you have 40+ active accounts, you produce reports for non-accountants who scan by number, or you're consolidating multi-entity books. Skip them for sub-30-account COAs; alphabetical sorting handles it. Standard scheme: 1000 Assets, 2000 Liabilities, 3000 Equity, 4000 Revenue, 5000-9000 Expenses.
What's the difference between Office Supplies and Office Expenses?
Office Supplies are consumables that get used up quickly: paper, pens, toner, coffee. Office Expenses are ongoing operational costs that aren't supplies: software not categorized elsewhere, internet, repairs, small equipment under your capitalization threshold. Many small COAs combine them as "Office," and that's fine if no one needs the breakdown for tax or reporting purposes.
How often should I clean up the chart of accounts?
Once a year, before year-end close. Inactivate accounts with zero activity in the past 24 months. Merge near-duplicates. Verify parent-child rollups still produce the financial statements the client wants. Avoid mid-year cleanup unless an account is actively causing miscoding; mid-year changes break comparative reporting.
Can the same vendor be coded to two different categories?
Yes, and often it should be. Amazon could be Office Supplies, Software, or COGS depending on what was purchased on a given transaction. Your auto-categorization tool (or your eyes) should split by transaction context, not vendor name. Locking a vendor to one account creates worse books, not better ones.
Do I need a different chart of accounts for each entity?
Yes. Every entity (LLC, S-corp, C-corp, sole prop) gets its own COA in its own QBO file. Don't share COAs across entities even if they're owned by the same person. Tax filings, financial statements, and audit trails all assume one COA per entity.
Use the glossary by topic when a category question turns into a definition question:
Growthy is bookkeeping software, not a CPA firm. This content is educational, not professional advice. Full disclaimer.
Free during alpha. Read-only access. You review every sync.
Request Early AccessBookkeeper-level guide to revenue accounts in QBO: sales vs service, recurring vs one-time, contra-revenue, ASC 606 basics, and the 5 setups you actually configure.
Practical liability categorization for bookkeepers: AP vs credit cards vs accrued, payroll liabilities, loan setup, deferred revenue, and the QBO mistakes that hide the balance sheet.
The expense categorization reference bookkeepers actually use, organized by transaction type, with 2026 OBBBA rules, decision frameworks, and named QBO accounts.
Vehicle expenses split into two methods: standard mileage (a single per-mile rate that covers gas, depreciation, and maintenance) or actual expense (every cost tracked separately). The choice in year one usually locks in the rest.
Travel covers airfare, hotels, rental cars, and ground transit while away from your tax home for business. Meals belong in Meals (50% deductible). Mileage belongs in Vehicle Expense. The commute is never deductible at all.
Training and education go to Training & Education Expense, but the deductibility test is sharper than most articles admit. Owner career-change tuition isn't deductible; CPE for licensed pros always is; conferences split across three accounts.
Shipping splits between COGS and Operating Expense based on whether it ties directly to revenue. E-commerce fulfillment is COGS; mailing checks is OpEx. Misclassifying distorts gross margin, sometimes by 10+ points.
Office Supplies are consumables used up in months: paper, pens, coffee, toner. Office Expenses are recurring operational costs like internet, small repairs, and sub-threshold equipment. The consumption test settles it in five seconds.
Employee benefits go to Employee Benefits Expense, but the employer portion and employee portion hit different accounts. The employer match is expense; the employee deferral is a liability. S-corp owner-employees follow special rules.
Bank fees and interest split into three accounts, not one: Bank Service Charges, Interest Expense, and Merchant Processing Fees. The biggest error is booking net Stripe deposits, which understates revenue every month.
SaaS goes in Software Subscriptions. Memberships and trade publications go in Dues & Subscriptions. Small one-off tools under $50/year go in Office Expenses. Three accounts, one decision tree, no more guessing where Slack goes.
Rent and utilities sit in two separate Operating Expense accounts. Home office allocation usually doesn't get its own COA line, security deposits hit Other Assets (not expense), and CAM charges roll into Rent, not Utilities.
Meals belong in a 50% deductible expense account. Entertainment belongs in a separate 0% deductible account. For TY2026, OBBBA eliminated employer-convenience meal deductions, so team meal categorization changed too.
Marketing and advertising costs go to Marketing & Advertising Expense, combined or split depending on volume.
Contractor payments go to Outside Services or Contract Labor, an Operating Expense account separate from W-2 payroll. The 2026 OBBBA rules raised the 1099-NEC threshold to $2,000, and credit-card payments don't count.